Brain Metastasis Segmentation Network Trained with Robustness to Annotations with Multiple False Negatives
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Deep learning has proven to be an essential tool for medical image analysis. However, the need for accurately labeled input data, often requiring time- and labor-intensive annotation by experts, is a major limitation to the use of deep learning. One solution to this challenge is to allow for use of coarse or noisy labels, which could permit more efficient and scalable labeling of images. In this work, we develop a lopsided loss function based on entropy regularization that assumes the existence of a nontrivial false negative rate in the target annotations. Starting with a carefully annotated brain metastasis lesion dataset, we simulate data with false negatives by (1) randomly censoring the annotated lesions and (2) systematically censoring the smallest lesions. The latter better models true physician error because smaller lesions are harder to notice than the larger ones. Even with a simulated false negative rate as high as 50 sensitivity at 97 just 10 performance is restored from 17 lopsided bootstrap loss. Our work will enable more efficient scaling of the image labeling process, in parallel with other approaches on creating more efficient user interfaces and tools for annotation.
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