Error-Correcting Neural Network
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Error-correcting output codes (ECOC) is an ensemble method combining a set of binary classifiers for multi-class learning problems. However, in traditional ECOC framework, the binary classifiers are trained independently. To explore the interaction between the binary classifiers, we construct an error correction network (ECN) that jointly trains all binary classifiers while maximizing the ensemble diversity to improve its robustness against adversarial attacks. An ECN is built based on a code matrix which is generated by maximizing the error tolerance, i.e., the minimum Hamming distance between any two rows, as well as the ensemble diversity, i.e., the variation of information between any two columns. Though ECN inherently promotes the diversity between the binary classifiers as each ensemble member solves a different classification problem (specified by the corresponding column of the code matrix), we empirically show that the ensemble diversity can be further improved by forcing the weight matrices learned by ensemble members to be orthogonal. The ECN is trained in end-to-end fashion and can be complementary to other defense approaches including adversarial training. We show empirically that ECN is effective against the state-of-the-art while-box attacks while maintaining good accuracy on normal examples.
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