Greenhouse Segmentation on High-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery using Deep Learning Techniques
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Greenhouse segmentation has pivotal importance for climate-smart agricultural land-use planning. Deep learning-based approaches provide state-of-the-art performance in natural image segmentation. However, semantic segmentation on high-resolution optical satellite imagery is a challenging task because of the complex environment. In this paper, a sound methodology is proposed for pixel-wise classification on images acquired by the Azersky (SPOT-7) optical satellite. In particular, customized variations of U-Net-like architectures are employed to identify greenhouses. Two models are proposed which uniquely incorporate dilated convolutions and skip connections, and the results are compared to that of the baseline U-Net model. The dataset used consists of pan-sharpened orthorectified Azersky images (red, green, blue,and near infrared channels) with 1.5-meter resolution and annotation masks, collected from 15 regions in Azerbaijan where the greenhouses are densely congested. The images cover the cumulative area of 1008 km^2 and annotation masks contain 47559 polygons in total. The F_1, Kappa, AUC, and IOU scores are used for performance evaluation. It is observed that the use of the deconvolutional layers alone throughout the expansive path does not yield satisfactory results; therefore, they are either replaced or coupled with bilinear interpolation. All models benefit from the hard example mining (HEM) strategy. It is also reported that the best accuracy of 93.29% (F_1 score) is recorded when the weighted binary cross-entropy loss is coupled with the dice loss. Experimental results showed that both of the proposed models outperformed the baseline U-Net architecture such that the best model proposed scored 4.48% higher in comparison to the baseline architecture.
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