Leveraging Tendon Vibration to Extend Pseudo-Haptic Sensations in VR
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The Pseudo-haptic technique is used to modify haptic perception by appropriately changing visual feedback to body movements. Because tendon vibration can affect our somatosensory perception, we propose a method for leveraging tendon vibration to extend pseudo-haptics. To evaluate the proposed method, we conducted three experiments that investigate the effect of tendon vibration on the range and resolution of pseudo-haptic sensation. The first experiment evaluated the effect of tendon vibration on the detection threshold (DT) of visual/physical motion discrepancy. The results show that vibrations on the inner tendons of the wrist and elbow increased the DT. This indicates that tendon vibration can increase applicable visual motion gain without being noticed by users. The second experiment investigated the effect of tendon vibration on the resolution, that is, the just noticeable difference (JND) of pseudo-weight sensation. The results indicate that both with- and without-vibration conditions had a similar JND of pseudo-weight sensation and thus, both conditions can be considered to have a similar resolution of sense of weight. The third experiment investigated the equivalence between the weight sensation induced by tendon vibration and visual motion gain, that is, the point of subjective equality (PSE). The results show that vibration increases the sense of weight, and its effect was the same as that using a gain of 0.64 without vibration. Taken together, our results suggest that using tendon vibration can enable a significantly wider (nearly double) range of pseudo-haptic sensation, without impairing its resolution.
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