Multivariate Counterfactual Systems And Causal Graphical Models
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Among Judea Pearl's many contributions to Causality and Statistics, the graphical d-separation criterion, the do-calculus and the mediation formula stand out. In this chapter we show that d-separation provides direct insight into an earlier causal model originally described in terms of potential outcomes and event trees. In turn, the resulting synthesis leads to a simplification of the do-calculus that clarifies and separates the underlying concepts, and a simple counterfactual formulation of a complete identification algorithm in causal models with hidden variables.
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