Numerical solution of a two dimensional tumour growth model with moving boundary
share
We consider a biphasic continuum model for avascular tumour growth in two spatial dimensions, in which a cell phase and a fluid phase follow conservation of mass and momentum. A limiting nutrient that follows a diffusion process controls the birth and death rate of the tumour cells. The cell volume fraction, cell velocity - fluid pressure system, and nutrient concentration are the model variables. A coupled system of a hyperbolic conservation law, a viscoelastic system, and a parabolic diffusion equation governs the dynamics of the model variables. The tumour boundary moves with the normal velocity of the outermost layer of cells, and this time-dependence is a challenge in designing and implementing a stable and fast numerical scheme. We recast the model into a form where the hyperbolic equation is defined on a fixed extended domain and retrieve the tumour boundary as the interface at which the cell volume fraction decreases below a threshold value. This procedure eliminates the need to track the tumour boundary explicitly and the computationally expensive re-meshing of the time-dependent domains. A numerical scheme based on finite volume methods for the hyperbolic conservation law, Lagrange P_2 - P_1 Taylor-Hood finite element method for the viscoelastic system, and mass-lumped finite element method for the parabolic equations is implemented in two spatial dimensions, and several cases are studied. We demonstrate the versatility of the numerical scheme in catering for irregular and asymmetric initial tumour geometries. When the nutrient diffusion equation is defined only in the tumour region, the model depicts growth in free suspension. On the contrary, when the nutrient diffusion equation is defined in a larger fixed domain, the model depicts tumour growth in a polymeric gel.
READ FULL TEXT